SQL Tutorial Last Updated : 27 Sep, 2023 Read Discuss(30) Courses SQL is a standard database language used to access and manipulate data in databases. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL was developed by IBM Computer Scientists in the 1970s. By executing queries SQL can create, update, delete, and retrieve data in databases like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc. Overall SQL is a query language that communicates with databases. In this SQL tutorial, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced concepts like SQL queries, SQL join, SQL injection, SQL insert, create tables in SQL. SQL is easy to learn, there are no prerequisites to learning SQL. What is a Database? Data is the new fuel of this world but only data is unorganized information, so to organize that data we make a database. A database is the organized collection of structured data which is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Databases help us with easily storing, accessing, and manipulating data held on a computer. ‘Recent Articles’ on SQL Basics Clauses / Operators Functions Queries SQL-Injection PL/SQL MySQL SQL Server Misc Quick Links SQL Basics: Structured Query Language SQL | Datatypes SQL | DDL, DML, TCL and DCL SQL | TRANSACTIONS SQL | VIEWS SQL | Comments SQL | Constraints SQL | Creating Roles SQL | Indexes SQL | SEQUENCES SQL | Query Processing CTE in SQL SQL Trigger | Student Database Book Management Database Introduction to NoSQL SQL Clauses / Operators: SQL | WITH clause SQL | With Ties Clause SQL | Arithmetic Operators SQL | Wildcard operators SQL | Intersect & Except clause SQL | USING Clause SQL | MERGE Statement MERGE Statement in SQL Explained SQL | DDL, DML, DCL and TCL Commands SQL | CREATE DOMAIN SQL | DESCRIBE Statement SQL | Case Statement SQL | UNIQUE Constraint SQL | Create Table Extension SQL | ALTER (RENAME) SQL | ALTER (ADD, DROP, MODIFY) SQL | LIMIT Clause SQL | INSERT IGNORE Statement SQL | LIKE SQL | SOME SQL | OFFSET-FETCH Clause SQL | Except Clause Combining aggregate and non-aggregate values in SQL using Joins and Over clause SQL | ALL and ANY SQL | EXISTS SQL | GROUP BY SQL | Union Clause SQL | Aliases SQL | ORDER BY SQL | SELECT TOP Clause SQL | UPDATE Statement SQL | DELETE Statement SQL | INSERT INTO Statement SQL | AND and OR operators SQL | WHERE Clause SQL | Distinct Clause SQL | SELECT Query SQL | DROP, TRUNCATE SQL | CREATE SQL | Join (Cartesian Join & Self Join) SQL | Alternative Quote Operator SQL | Concatenation Operator SQL | MINUS Operator SQL | DIVISION SQL | NOT Operator SQL | BETWEEN & IN Operator SQL | Join (Inner, Left, Right and Full Joins) SQL | CHECK Constraint SQL-Injection: SQL Injection How to use SQLMAP to test a website for SQL Injection vulnerability Mitigation of SQL Injection Attack using Prepared Statements (Parameterized Queries) Basic SQL Injection and Mitigation with Example SQL Functions: SQL | Mathematical functions (SQRT, PI, SQUARE, ROUND, CEILING & FLOOR) SQL | Conversion Function SQL general functions | NVL, NVL2, DECODE, COALESCE, NULLIF, LNNVL and NANVL SQL | Conditional Expressions SQL | Character Functions with Examples SQL | Date Functions (Set-1) SQL | Date Functions (Set-2) SQL | LISTAGG SQL | Aggregate functions SQL | Functions (Aggregate and Scalar Functions) SQL | Date functions SQL | NULL SQL | Numeric Functions SQL | String functions SQL | Advanced Functions SQL Queries: SQL | Joining three or more tables SQL | How to Get the names of the table SQL | Sub queries in From Clause SQL | Correlated Subqueries SQL | Top-N Queries SQL | SUB Queries SQL | How to print duplicate rows in a table? SQL | How to find Nth highest salary from a table DBMS | Nested Queries in SQL SQL query to find second highest salary? PL/SQL: PL/SQL Introduction Cursors in PL/SQL Sum Of Two Numbers in PL/SQL Reverse a number in PL/SQL Factorial of a number in PL/SQL Print Patterns in PL/SQL Decision Making in PL/SQL Oracle SQL | Pseudocolumn SQL | Procedures in PL/SQL Print different star patterns in SQL GCD of two numbers in PL/SQL Centered triangular number in PL/SQL Floyd’s triangle in PL/SQL Convert distance from km to meters and centimeters in PL/SQL Convert the given numbers into words in Pl/SQL Sum of digits of a number in PL/ SQL Sum of digits equal to a given number in PL/SQL Sum and average of three numbers in PL/SQL Check whether a string is palindrome or not in PL/SQL Count odd and even digits in a number in PL/SQL No. of vowels and consonants in a given string in PL/SQL Area and Perimeter of a circle in PL/SQL Finding sum of first n natural numbers in PL/SQL Area and Perimeter of Rectangle in PL/SQL Sum of the first and last digit of a number in PL/SQL Count no. of characters and words in a string in PL/SQL Greatest number among three given numbers in PL/SQL Concatenation of strings in PL/SQL PL/SQL | User Input MySQL: MySQL | Regular expressions(Regexp) MySQL | Grant/Revoke Privileges MySQL | DATABASE() and CURRENT_USER() Functions MySQL | BIN() Function MySQL | IFNULL MySQL | LAST_DAY() Function MySQL | RENAME USER MySQL | DROP USER MySQL | CREATE USER Statement MySQL | Change User Password PHP | MySQL WHERE Clause PHP | MySQL ORDER BY Clause PHP | MySQL UPDATE Query PHP | MySQL Delete Query PHP | MySQL LIMIT Clause PHP | MySQL Select Query PHP | Inserting into MySQL database PHP | MySQL ( Creating Table ) PHP | MySQL ( Creating Database ) SQL Server: SQL SERVER | Conditional Statements SQL Server Identity SQL Server | STUFF() Function Misc: SQL using Python | Set 1 SQL using Python and SQLite | Set 2 SQL using Python | Set 3 (Handling large data) Check if Table, View, Trigger, etc present in Oracle Performing Database Operations in Java | SQL CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and SELECT Difference between Simple and Complex View in SQL Difference between Static and Dynamic SQL Having Vs Where Clause? Inner Join Vs Outer Join Difference between SQL and NoSQL Why to learn SQL? SQL helps you to easily get information from data at high efficiency. To manipulate the data in databases like Create, Read, Edit, and delete we use SQL queries. Users can interact with data stored in relational database management systems. Anyone who knows the English language can easily write SQL queries. Some of the key features of SQL are given below: Without a lot of coding knowledge we can manage a database with SQL. SQL works with database systems from Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, etc. Simple and easy to learn. SQL is ANSI and ISO standard language for database manipulations. SQL retrieves large amounts of data very fast. Applications of SQL In data-driven industries where managing databases is very important in regular, Here are some important SQL applications. To support client/server architecture, software engineers use SQL to establish the connection between back-end and front-end. SQL can also be used in the 3-tier architecture of a client, an application server, and a database. SQL is used as a Data Definition Language(DDL) in which we can independently create a database, define the structure, use it, and discard it when its work is done. SQL is used as a Data Manipulation Language(DML) in which we can enter data, modify data, extracting data. SQL is used as a Data Control Language(DCL) it specifies how we can protect our database against corruption and misuse. Quick Links: SQL | Subjective Problems SQL | Multiple Choice Questions SQL | Interview Questions SQL Interview Questions | Set 1 SQL Interview Questions | Set 2 SQL | Commonly asked DBMS interview questions | Set 1 SQL | Commonly asked DBMS interview questions | Set 2 If you’re looking out for a worthwhile and reliable SQL tutorial for beginners, (or experts as well), then you must go through with this resource. Also, here you’ll get SQL interview questions, exercises, examples, etc.